The North American greenhouse gas budget: Emissions, removals, and integration for CO2, CH4, and N2O (2010–2019): Results From the Second REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Study (RECCAP2)

Accurate accounting of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions and removals is central to tracking progress toward climate mitigation and for monitoring potential climate-change feedbacks. GHG budgeting and reporting can follow either the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodologies for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI) reporting or use atmospheric-based “top-down” (TD) inversions or process-based “bottom-up” (BU) approaches. To help understand and reconcile these approaches, the Second REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes study (RECCAP2) was established to quantify GHG emissions and removals for carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), for ten-land and five-ocean regions for 2010–2019. Here, we present the results for the North American land region (Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean). For 2010–2019, the NGHGI reported total net-GHG emissions of 7,270 TgCO₂-eq yr⁻¹ compared to TD estimates of 6,132 ± 1,846 TgCO₂-eq yr⁻¹ and BU estimates of 9,060 ± 898 TgCO₂-eq yr⁻¹. Reconciling differences between the NGHGI, TD and BU approaches depended on (a) accounting for lateral fluxes of CO₂ along the land-ocean-aquatic continuum (LOAC) and trade, (b) correcting land-use CO₂ emissions for the loss-of-additional-sink capacity (LASC), (c) avoiding double counting of inland water CH₄ emissions, and (d) adjusting area estimates to match the NGHGI definition of the managed-land proxy. Uncertainties remain from inland-water CO₂ evasion, the conversion of nitrogen fertilizers to N₂O, and from less-frequent NGHGI reporting from non-Annex-1 countries. The RECCAP2 framework plays a key role in reconciling independent GHG-reporting methodologies to support policy commitments while providing insights into biogeochemical processes and responses to climate change.